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Foreign Agents Registration Act
The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) is a United States law ( et seq.) passed in 1938 requiring that agents representing the interests of foreign powers in a "political or quasi-political capacity" disclose their relationship with the foreign government and information about related activities and finances. The purpose is to facilitate "evaluation by the government and the American people of the statements and activities of such persons." The law is administered by the FARA Registration Unit of the Counterespionage Section (CES) in the National Security Division (NSD) of the United States Department of Justice.〔(U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act home page )〕 the Justice Department reported there were approximately 1,700 lobbyists representing more than 100 countries before Congress, the White House and the federal government.〔Alex Knott, (Foreign Lobbying Database Up and Running ), Congressional Quarterly, May 30, 2007.〕
==History of the Act==
The Act originally was administered by the Department of State until transferred to the Department of Justice in 1942.〔( Foreign Agents Registration Act Enforcement ), Department of Justice website.〕 From passage in 1938 until 1966 when the Act was amended, enforcement focused on propagandists for foreign powers, even if it was not "for or on behalf of" those powers. It was used in 23 criminal cases during World War II. For cases not warranting prosecution, the Department of Justice sent letters advising prospective agents of the law.〔〔(Notes on 22 U.S.C. § 611 : US Code ), FindLaw website.〕
In 1966 the Act was amended and narrowed to emphasize agents actually working with foreign powers who sought economic or political advantage by influencing governmental decision-making. This increased the government's burden of proof and there have been no successful criminal prosecutions since then . However, a civil injunctive remedy also was added to allow the Department of Justice to warn individuals and entities of possible violations of the Act, ensuring more voluntary compliance but also making it clear when the law has been violated. This has resulted in a number of successful civil cases and administrative resolutions since that time.〔 In 1995, the term "political propaganda" was removed from Subsection 611 following the 1987 Supreme Court case, ''Meese v. Keene,'' in which a California State Senator wanted to distribute three films from Canada about acid rain and nuclear war, but felt his reputation would be harmed if he distributed films that had been classified officially as "political propaganda".〔〔Julie Hilden, (The Documentary "This Film Is Not Yet Rated" Raises an Interesting Question About the MPAA Film Ratings System ), FindLaw website, February 5, 2007.〕 The Court backed up an earlier lower court ruling in favor of one of the film's distributors in ''Block v. Meese''.〔(Block v. Meese, 793 F.2d 1303 (D.C. Cir.) ) at OpenJurist.org.〕 The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (LDA), 2 U.S.C. § 1601, removed from the Act certain agents engaged in lobbying activities who register under that Act, which is administered by Congress.〔(Foreign Agent Registration Act website FAQ )/〕
In 2004 the Justice Department stated that the Foreign Agent Registration Unit's database for tracking foreign lobbyists was in disrepair.〔Kevin Bogardus, (Foreign Lobbyist Database Could Vanish; Justice Department claims merely copying its foreign agents database could destroy it ), at PublicIntegrity.org, July 28, 2004.〕 However, in 2007 The Justice Department launched an online database which can be used by the public to search filings and current reports.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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